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Sri Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple), Amritsar "ਇਸ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਤੇ ਸਮਕਾਲੀ ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ ਇੱਕਠਾ ਕਰਨਾ ਅਤੇ ਦੁਰਲੱਭ ਤੇ ਨਾਯਾਬ ਤਸਵੀਰ...

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INTRODUCTION Aurangzeb, Emperor Shah Jahan’s sixth child, was born on 24th October 1618 at Dohad in Madhya Pradesh, and wrested India’s cr...

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1.  MUGHAL EMPIRE C. 1707 For a minute demarcation of the boundaries of the  different subas or provinces of the Empire, the reader ma...

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2.  PRINCE DARA SHUKOH TRANSLATING THE UPANISHADS Prince Dara Shukoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan, was like his great ancesto...

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3.  CAPTIVE DARA BEING PARADED IN DELHI 29th August 1659 The painting above, based on Dr. Bernier’s eyewitness account, shows a capti...

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4.  AURANGZEB ORDERS THE EXECUTION OF SARMAD Sarmad was a well known saint who came to Delhi towards the end of Shah Jahan’s reign. Pr...

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5.  DARA SHUKOH’S FARCICAL TRIAL AND VERDICT Crown Prince Dara’s immense popularity and sympathy for him among the masses was evident ...

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6.  SHAH JAHAN’S BURIAL PROCESSION The painting above is based on a contemporary letter sent by the Amber State official Parkaldas ...

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7.  SHIVAJI LEAVING AURANGZEB’S COURT IN ANGER Shivaji reached Agra on the 12th May 1666 by noon, and had to be rushed to the Court t...

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8.  EVEN TO LOOK AT A TEMPLE IS IMPROPER FOR A MUSALMAN ‘It was reported to the Emperor (Aurangzeb) that in the Temple of Keshava Rai ...

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9.  HINDUS TO BE REPLACED BY MUSALMANS Hindu Chowkinavis and Amins of the Haft-chowkis to be replaced by the Musalmans. “Orders were i...

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10.  RESTRICTION ON ATISHBAZI “The Emperor ordered Jumdat-ul-Mulk to write to the Mutsaddis of all the subahs (provinces) of the empire...

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11.  LARGE NUMBER OF CONVERSIONS BY FAUJDAR, BITHUR:  GRANT OF SAROPAS AND CASH SANCTIONED BY AURANGZEB ‘Shaikh Abdul Momin, the Faujd...

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12.  MUSLIMS EXEMPTED FROM PAYING ZAKAT “A darvesh brought to the notice of the Emperor that the Musalmans (of the country) felt dejec...

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13.  AURANGZEB RESTORING THE OFFICE OF QANUNGOSHIP TO HINDU OFFICIALS WHO WERE FORCED TO BECOME MUSALMAN There are a large number of Ak...

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14.  QANUNGOSHIP ON BECOMING MUSALMAN Of the three Akhbarat of April 21st, April 22nd and May 4th 1667, the first mentions tha...

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15.  MUSALMANS TO REPLACE HINDU OFFICIALS Musalmans to replace Hindu officials as cure for ineffectiveness of prayers. "The Emper...

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16.  DEMOLITION OF KALKA TEMPLE, I “The asylum of Shariat (Shariat Panah) Qazi Abul Mukaram has sent this arzi to the sublime Court: ...

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17.  DEMOLITION OF KALKA TEMPLE, II “Saiyad Faulad Khan has reported that in compliance with the orders, beldars were sent to demolish ...

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18.  RESTRICTION ON THE GATHERING OF HINDUS Restriction on the gathering of Hindus at the shrines of Shitla Mata  and Pir Pabuji. Musli...

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19.  GENERAL ORDER FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES 9th April 1669 “The Lord Cherisher of the Faith learnt that in the provinces of Thatt...

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20.  GENERAL ORDER FOR THE DEMOLITION OF HINDU TEMPLES On the 9th April 1669, Aurangzeb “eager to establish Islam, issued orders to th...

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21. DEMOLITION OF SOMNATH TEMPLE About the time the general order for destruction of Hindu Temples was issued (9th April 1669), the ...

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22.  DEMOLITION OF THE TEMPLE OF VISHWANATH Demolition of the Temple of Vishwanath (Banaras). August 1669 A.D. It was reported that, “...

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23.  DEMOLITION OF THE DEHURA OF KESHAVA RAI IN MATHURA “During this month of Ramzan (1080 A.H./January-February 1670) …  the Emp...

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24.  DEMOLITION OF KESHAVA RAI TEMPLE AT MATHURA The great Temple of Keshava Rai at Mathura was built by Bir Singh Deo Bundela during ...

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25.  MAHARANA RAJ SINGH FORMALLY RECEIVING THE IDOL OF SHRINATHJI Aurangzeb’s Temple breaking spree was in full swing after his gener...

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26.  MARTYRDOM OF SRI GURU TEGH BAHADUR The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru, in 1675 is a major event in the Sikh histo...

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27.  REIMPOSITION OF JIZYAH BY AURANGZEB ‘As all the aims of the religious Emperor were directed to the spreading of the law of Isl...

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28. HINDUS FORCED TO SUFFER HUMILIATION IN PAYING THE JIZYAH TAX On 2nd April 1679, Aurangzeb re-imposed Jizayah upon the Hindus whic...

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29.  BURIAL OF MUSIC In 1665 and in subsequent years also Aurangzeb issued a number of orders to enforce the rules in confirmity with ...

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30.  IDOLS TO BE CAST UNDER THE STEPS OF JAM'A MASJID Aurangzeb orders cart-loads of idols brought from Jodhpur  to be cast under ...

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31.  ORDERS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES ON THE BANK OF MAHARANA’S LAKE, UDAIPUR “Yesterday, Yakka Taz Khan and mimar (architect or ...

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32.  DEMOLITION OF JAGANNATH RAI TEMPLE Demolition of Jagannath Rai (Jagdish Temple), Udaipur, and its brave defence. R.Y. 23rd of Aur...

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33. LARGE SCALE DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES IN THE ENVIRONS OF UDAIPUR “On the 7th Muharram / 29th January 1680, Hasan Ali Khan brought to ...

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34. THE DEFENCE OF JAGANNATH RAI (JAGADISH) TEMPLE, UDAIPUR January 1680 The above sketch portrays a famous incident in the history o...